Recent Trends in Nanomaterials by Zishan Husain Khan

Author:Zishan Husain Khan
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer Singapore, Singapore

Mahe Talat1 , Prashant Tripathi1 and Onkar Nath Srivastava1

(1)Physics and Bioscience Division, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Unit, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Mahe Talat

Email: [email protected]

7.1 Introduction

Carbon is an amazingly versatile element. Based on the atoms arrangement, it can create hard diamonds or soft graphite. One such creation of carbon is graphene obtained from graphite, which scientists have been considering for the better part of a hundred years, though not always by that name. Graphene could be groundbreaking for a wide variety of fields. It is a predetermined conclusion that graphene will revolutionize the world—the only question is whether it will do so directly, or indirectly. Earlier it was difficult to assume a stable 2D material until 2002, University of Manchester researcher Andre Geim became fascinated in graphene and challenged his PhD student to peel as few as 10–100 layers of graphene from a piece of graphite. His scholar succeeded in obtaining up to 1000 layers but could not achieve the desired number of layers. Geim tried a different approach of peeling using scotch tape and eventually, they were able to isolate graphene or more precisely a single layer of carbon atoms. Geim and his colleague Kostya Novoselov published their findings in “Science” in October 2004, further they received the Nobel Prize in physics in 2010 for their work.

In fact manufacturing it to market, affecting the world with graphene-based technologies, might undoubtedly be in the cards. But it is also simple to imagine that a range of specific, graphene-like materials tailored to each specific graphene-like application could beat graphene itself. Still, even if all the material achieved is exhilarating a new generation of 2D materials science, it will have been tremendously significant in determining the face of current technology. In simple terms, graphene is a single/thin layer of pure carbon; it is a single, tightly packed layer of carbon atoms that are bonded together in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. In more specifically, it is an allotrope of carbon in the structure of a plane of sp2 bonded atoms having a bond length of 0.142 nm. Stacked graphene layers form graphite having interplanar spacing of 0.335 nm. Bearing this in mind, one may be astonished to know that carbon is the second most abundant mass within the human body and the fourth most abundant element in the universe (by mass), after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. This makes carbon the chemical basis for all existing life on this planet, so therefore graphene could well be an ecologically friendly, sustainable way out for a nearly unlimited number of applications. This also makes graphene as one of the most probable materials in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology including electronics, EMI shielding, sensing, and biomedical devices as well as energy storage, biotechnological, medical, and many more. High quality as well as quantity of graphene is highly desired to fulfill the criteria of such applications.

The difficulty that prohibited graphene from initially being accessible for developmental research in commercial uses was that the creation of superior quality graphene was

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